As Tavish Campbell dropped his remote camera into the water close to a salmon farm in the Broughton Archipelago, his heart sank.

Earlier in the day, during a dive, he was awestruck by the sight of an ancient, rare and previously undiscovered glass sponge reef in the water off Port Hardy, but now he was staring into the barren ruin of a second glass sponge reef.

“The one was totally alive and vibrant and healthy and the other one was a wasteland, covered in brown sediment,” Campbell told DeSmog Canada.

The live reef was at a depth of about 30 metres, which is unusually shallow for a glass sponge reef and Campbell did not drop a line into the water for fear of damaging the glass sponges.

“It was a little bit eerie doing the first dive, free-falling through the darkness and then my light illuminated this incredible sight — there were vibrant golden sponges, some standing two metres tall like giant vases. Schools of rockfish hovered over the top, there were king crab on top of the sponges and lingcod rested on the big egg masses with the males guarding the eggs. I was pretty gobsmacked,” Campbell said.

“I could hardly believe my eyes. It was like being on another planet. These sponges are ancient. These reefs have thrived there since the Jurassic (era) and were thought to have died off. It was like finding a herd of living dinosaurs.”

The euphoria of seeing the first reef, teeming with life, contrasted violently with the second site where the sponges were clearly dead and appeared to be smothered by waste and salmon feces from the farm, said Campbell, spokesman for Wild First, a coalition of organizations working to have salmon farms move from ocean pens to land-based operations by 2025.

“It was incredibly disheartening. . .One of my first thoughts was, with more than 130 salmon farms on the B.C. coast, what else is being smothered that we have yet to discover,” Campbell said.

“These sponges rely on clean water, free from excessive sedimentation, but unfortunately this is the exact opposite of the conditions under a salmon farm. With close to a million farmed salmon swimming overhead, the steady rain of feces and feed waste is a death sentence for life underneath.”

The fragile sponges, made of silica, were thought to have gone extinct 40-million years ago until living glass sponge reefs, estimated to be 9,000 years old, were discovered in Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound in 1987. Reefs were then found in Chatham Sound, Howe Sound and the Strait of Georgia

Both of the Broughton Archipelago reefs, about 1.6 kilometres apart, were discovered previously by Jody Eriksson and Campbell’s twin sister Farlyn Campbell, who were doing underwater surveys around open-net salmon farms, and Farlyn then asked her brother to film the area.*

Last year, Campbell filmed the startling “blood water” video showing a stream of blood pouring into the water off Campbell River from farmed salmon processed by the Browns Bay Packing Company. The video sparked an investigation by the province that found the effluent tested positive for the highly contagious piscine reovirus, a virus that can infect wild salmon.

Blood Water: B.C.’s Dirty Salmon Farming Secret from Tavish Campbell on Vimeo.

The dead glass sponge reef was found under Cermaq Canada’s Cecil Island Farm and Cermaq managing director David Kiemele said the company is looking into the claims.

“All of our leases abide by strict environmental regulations about where we can locate farms to ensure we avoid known risks to sensitive marine habitats,” Kiemele said in an emailed statement.

The Cecil Island site has been empty since June 2017 and will remain empty for several more months, Kiemele said.

“The farm is what we refer to as a nursery site where only small fish are grown for short periods of time before being transferred to other farms, so it is not unusual for it to remain fallow for long periods of time,” he said.

Although Kiemele has seen the video, he said there is no way to “clearly understand where this video was shot, at a depth of more than 264 feet,” but that is now being investigated.

Campbell said it was not possible for the remote camera to go directly under the farm, so the video was shot from about six metres outside the perimeter.

Ancient Glass Sponge Reef Smothered By Salmon Farm Waste in B.C. https://t.co/aquTeICDIj #Salmon #Bcpoli

— DeSmog Canada (@DeSmogCanada) April 27, 2018

The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society has been working to protect glass sponge reefs in B.C. for decades and Ross Jameson, CPAWS-B.C. ocean conservation coordinator said the discovery is a wakeup call and demonstrates the need for the federal and provincial governments to work on protecting B.C.’s glass sponge reefs.

“The discovery of these glass sponge reefs is both incredibly exciting and saddening,” Jameson said.

“To find a new living reef is significant on a global scale. However, seeing the complete destruction of one of those reefs is devastating.”

Last year, the federal government established a 2,410 square kilometre marine conservation area in three sites between Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, restricting fishing in about 900 square kilometres.

The plan appears to be successful as there is a 150 metre buffer zone around the reefs to prevent them being damaged by sediment, Jameson said.

The reefs can be damaged by any bottom activity from shrimp fishing and dumping to trawling and more needs to be done by both the federal government and the provincial government, which has responsibility for the seafloor and salmon farm tenures, Jameson said.

Studies are being done on some of the reefs, but CPAWS wants an immediate precautionary approach around the sites so human activities do not destroy them while they are being studied, he said.

“There are about 130 fish farms on the B.C. coastline and we don’t know how many other glass sponge reefs are out there. There’s a good chance that there’s another one under an open net pen farm. We need to put some immediate protection in place,” Jameson said.

“With such limited restrictions on harmful activities along the coast, the discovery could just as easily have been two destroyed reefs,” he said.

Campbell also wants to see both levels of governments offer better protection for the reefs, especially as the province is looking at 22 fish farm tenures coming up for renewal in June.

Glass sponge reefs, which act as a giant ocean filter and essential habitat for marine life, are found only in B.C. and Alaska and, last December, the federal government added the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound reefs to Canada’s tentative list for World Heritage Sites.

* Update: April 30, 2018 3:45pm pst. This article previously stated Jody Eriksson and Farlyn Campbell discovered the glass sponge reef earlier spring and has been updated to reflect the fact the reef was discovered prior to this spring.

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Footage of bloody discharge being released into B.C.’s coastal waters from farmed-fish processing plants by photographer Tavish Campbell has made international headlines and prompted the promise of further investigation from both provincial and federal governments.

But critics say that while governments are eager to stem a wave of concerns arising from the footage, not enough is being done to protect B.C.’s threatened wild salmon populations from the threats of the farmed-salmon industry that stem from the use of open net pens.

In addition to the footage, Campbell collected samples of the discharge that laboratory testing found contained Piscene Reovirus, a disease carried in an estimated 80 per cent of Atlantic farmed salmon on the B.C. coast. The virus is linked to the presence of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, a deadly condition found in B.C. wild salmon stocks.

B.C. Environment Minister George Heyman said the ministry dispatched inspectors to the Brown’s Bay processing plant near Campbell River to determine the contents of the effluent being released and take further samples if necessary.

“I think the bottom line for us is we want to make sure anything being dumped into our oceans is free of contaminants, fee of pathogens and not a threat to wild salmon,” Heyman told DeSmog Canada in an interview.

The Brown’s Bay processing plant received a discharge permit from the B.C. government in 1989, granting the company permission to release 28,000 litres of effluent every day. There are 109 fish processing plants in B.C.; if they are all releasing roughly the same as the Brown’s Bay plant, that’s ten Olympic swimming pools of effluent being released into B.C. waters daily.

The Brown’s Bay plant was inspected in 2013, and found to be out of compliance with the province’s environmental laws. According to Heyman no further inspection took place at the time.

The permit, which Heyman said does not reflect modern conditions and standards, is currently under review. He added there are older permits for additional fish processing plants the government will also place under review.

“We are looking at conditions that reflect today’s reality and today’s expectation and that’s that what is dumped in the ocean is clean and not a threat to wild salmon,” Heyman said. “So we’ll be looking at it from that perspective as well as from First Nations who are being consulted we’ll look at best practices around the world around discharges into the ocean.”

Bloodwater Not Only Threat Wild Salmon Face

Campbell said that while a review of B.C.’s out-of-date permits is warranted, the release of contaminated effluent is just one threat the farmed-salmon industry poses to wild salmon stocks.

“The bloodwater is certainly a point source for infection but if we get rid of the bloodwater the problem doesn’t go away because ultimately these juvenile wild fish are still swimming past the open net pens and picking up these viruses and diseases,” Campbell told DeSmog Canada.

Aaron Hill, ecologist and wild salmon policy analyst for the Watershed Wild Salmon Society, agreed.

“It’s really hard to quantify exactly where this wastewater discharge lands on the threat matrix but we know that salmon farms host a number of viruses and parasites that are transmitted to wild fish and harm wild fish,” Hill told DeSmog Canada.

“Many of our salmon populations are in really bad shape due to a number of factors,” Hill said, saying climate change is considered the number one threat to wild salmon.

“We can’t flip a switch and make the oceans more productive or make rivers cooler and safer for fish. But we can get these farms out of the ocean and onto land. We can stop bloody diseased waste from being piped into the water.”

Many of the companies operating farmed salmon open net pens in B.C. are Norwegian, the country behind many of the farmed salmon operations worldwide. Currently Norway does not allow for the discharge of fish processing waste into the ocean.

B.C.’s Environmental Monitoring and Enforcement Weak: Furstenau

British Columbia has a poor record of monitoring and enforcing its own environmental laws due to staff and budget cuts, according to Green Party MLA Sonia Furstenau.

“While I appreciate the Minister of Environment’s immediate response to the videos, we need a government that works to proactively protect our environment, not one that waits for the public to prove that we’ve got a problem,” Furstenau said during Wednesday’s question period in the house.

“Is the minister going to expand his review to cover every plant that releases effluent into wild salmon habitat to ensure it’s not contaminated, or will Mr. Campbell need to keep testing the blood water?”

The B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations is responsible for leases and tenures for fish farms. Ocean discharge permits are managed by the province’s environment ministry.

However, regulation and promotion of the aquaculture industry falls to federal jurisdiction under the Fisheries Act.

Heyman said his ministry has been in contact with Environment Canada as well as local First Nations to discuss the effluent permits and Campbell’s footage.

“It’s important that all parties with jurisdiction take a unified approach to protecting wild salmon. That’s our expectation and we hope the federal government will join us and work with us and First Nations to protect wild salmon.”

Federal Natural Resources Minister Jim Carr said his ministry is also investigating the results of recent samples taken from the discharge pipes — and is open to potential changes under the Fisheries Act that would prevent the release of contaminants that could further threaten B.C.’s struggling wild salmon populations.

Campbell said he doesn’t see a way for open net fish farms and healthy wild salmon stocks to coexist. He hopes recent outrage over the outfall pipes will add to growing calls to move the aquaculture industry on land.

“I think the writing is on the wall for this industry. They can’t keep continuing to operate in the way they have been with open net pens in the water,” Campbell said.

“There’s too much opposition to it and there’s too much science saying if that’s going to happen we’re basically sacrificing our wild stocks.”

Permit 8124 – Brown Bay Fish Processing Plant by DeSmog Canada on Scribd

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